MEMORANDUM
June 18, 1952
The opponents of the government are composed of a group of capable influential leaders almost all in important positions. Some of them are in foreign diplomatic service. Many of them arc in America but the most vicious ones are in Tokyo propagandizing against the Government and especially President Rhee. As a rule they make friends everywhere. They do a great deal of entertaining, dining and wining. Here in Pusan it is a well-known fact that Chough Byongok, former Home Minister, is a frequent guest at Amb. Muccio’s drinking parties. Most of the U.S. Embassy staff and UN members are friendly with the recalcitrant members of the National Assembly; for example, when the Communist conspiracy trial opened on the 19th of June, Plimsoll was one of the UN members privileged to observe the trial and when the Assemblymen were led to court they greeted him by saying hello and waved who in a friendly way waved back. Through some of these members the opponents have been paving the way for months if not for years.
When the Government declared martial law and arrested 7 Assemblymen in connection with the conspiracy case, the UN members came in groups to the President and demanded him to lift martial law and release the arrested Assemblymen and act according to the Constitution. Then came letters from President Truman, Trygve Lie, the British, French and Australian Governments all in strong tones and some with veiled threats demanding the same 2 items. From press reports as well as from radio, the main idea is if the President does not follow their demands all the aid and assistance may be withdrawn.
At the same time, this opposition group propagandized everywhere saying that Trygve Lie’s letter will force the President to yield and when Gen. Clark came he was to tell the President that if he did not act according to the UN request, the 8th Army would take over the whole army and particularly, when Mr. Muccio was on his way here from Washington, they spread the story saying that if Muccio were to bring President Truman’s letter it will force President Rhee to yield. They also circulated that the British Minister of Defense ■arl Alexander and the Minister of state, Selwyn Lloyd came to see the President to make him accept their demand. They said UN forces are fighting in defense of democracy and if the President were to destroy democracy there would be no meaning for the UN to continue to fight in defense of Korea. It is also circulated that the President is trying to crush the National Assembly by military power in order to make himself dictator. These dispatches have gone too far in attacking the President and government, but the government has some of its own propaganda stories to depend on. We have uncovered a communist conspiracy case which succeeded in bribing a number of Assemblymen to constitute a sufficient number of votes in the Assembly to elect the president whom they want to vote with the understanding that the president will organize a coalition government which in turn will open up negotiations with the north Korean communist puppet regime for unifying north and south by peaceful political means. This is all published through the press and is a most critical case for national security. But the US representatives and some UN members did not pay any attention and demanded the immediate lifting of the martial law, release of the Assemblymen and observing the constitution as is written in the law. What does that mean? It means that US and UN member nations are cooperating with the communists for the purpose of accomplishing through the NA which they failed to at Panmunjom, to declare the purpose which was to unify north and south Korea by peaceful political negotiations. The reason we have not published these facts to the general public was because the case is now under investigation. We do not wish to appear ungrateful to America; that is why we swallowed everything while they criticized and condemned us. But if they force us to reveal these stories, we have to defend ourselves by telling how we feel and how we think about all these things. Mr. Lightner, U.S.A. Embassy counsellor shielded and hid some of the government opponents. He cooperated with these troublemakers and as a result two principal conspirators cannot be captured, Sunoo Chongwon and Kim Yung Seun.
The President told the UN members the same story, that they should be a little more patient and wait until the trial reveals the truth. When Gen. Clark came, just before his arrival a story went round that he was going to tell President Rhee that he would take over the military situation and meanwhile ask the 8th Army authorities to put Korea under UN trusteeship and the 8th Amy Command would take charge of martial law enforcement. When Gens. Clark and Van Fleet arrived, the former spoke to the President while the latter kept silent. He said, "Mr. President, you know, we are soldiers. We are not interested in politics or even diplomacy. We feel deeply concerned over the situation. If the communist guerrillas make sufficient trouble in the rear that may necessitate the withdrawal of our fighting men from the frontline which will create a grave situation and we want to know whether you can be counted on at this end.”
The President assured him that there was no such danger at present. He would do all he could to avoid any such difficulty. That was all that was said. Again when the British Ministers of Defease and State arrived, the President told them that the press imported the fact that the President destroyed the democratic principle by declaring martial law in order to dissolve the National Assembly, etc., was not true. He further said the reason why we cannot lift martial law and release the Assemblymen was because if he does it, we will have no way of checking the Communist conspiracy case which tries to open the back door for Communists to come in. Our constitution says that the power of the government and the Assembly emanates from the will of the people and that is the basic principle of our constitution. Another clause says only as a temporary measure that the Assembly will elect the president. If we allow the Assembly to carry out the latter provision, the Assembly will carry out the Communist conspiracy case to a success, and if north and south Korea are unified under Soviet control, where can we find a democratic constitution of any kind in Korea? we are trying to save the tree of democracy instead of trying to save the branches by neglecting the root. The Korean form of government is different from that of Great Britain. Ours is a Republic, the government of, by, and for the people. If the people agree among themselves, they can pull down their own government, scrap a constitution and draw up a new constitution to suit this. Our people demand that their president should be elected by the people of some 30 million instead of being elected by a small favored group in the Assembly. We want those proponents of democracy to tell us which is more democratic.
Kord Alexander asked the President that if he were to dissolve the Assembly according to the demands of the people, will he order an election of new Assemblymen? The President told him the dissolution announcement will go out with the nationwide election under the observation of the United Nations.
The President recently made a public statement urging the people not to come to Pusan in connection with the political dispute, because a large number of men coming in from various parts of the country, will raise the price of rice and besides it will be very difficult to prevent any recurrence of violence which created a very disgraceful scene a short time ago in Pusan. The opponents may do most anything and later blame the people. Hundreds of people are here, most of them representatives, members of local assemblies elected recently. Their universal demand of the President is for the President to declare dissolution of the Assembly. The President has been endeavoring to solve this problem without going to that extent. When hundreds of people gathered in front of the President’s residence asking for the President to appear, he went out and told them that he is still hopeful of solving the problem by giving the Assemblymen a chance to see that under the unanimous demands of the people they have to respect the will of their constituencies and get together to adopt the amendment proposed by the government. He would be willing to take the responsibility of settling the problems to meet the wishes of the people. The Assemblymen are now talking in several groups, pulling against one another, each one trying to get the best bargain for himself. It is reported that they have about 2/3 of the votes; only 8 or 9 are lacking and within a day or two they can get that also. In the meantime Chairman Shin and Vice Chairman Kim Dong Sung made a joint statement saying that there is no hope of carrying out the President’s proposal. The people are getting restless and are raiding their voices publicly complaining that even the president is ignoring the desire of the people. If the general public gets indignant and gets out of hand, it will create a new situation which will only give the Communists the chance they want. It is a significant fact that while the VOA denounced and condemned the President and government in Korean broadcasts, the Japanese broadcast also made several strong statements. The Soviets and Communists had kept conspicuously silent all this time. What the President is trying to do now is to give the Assembly a little more time until they prove their willingness to think of doing the right thing but if this proves to be hopeless, the only way to solve the problem is to declare the dissolution and order an election by the population behind the battleline and form a new Assembly which will amend the constitution, so that it will prevent such a deadlock in the future. No government or Assembly or both can pass any law or sign any agreement relating to national security with foreign nations without approval of 2/3 of the voters. While the Russians in the north and the Chinese in the west are doing everything to take the entire peninsula under Soviet control and while the Japs are officially insisting that 80% of the property in Korea are still theirs, the proJap Koreans are saving that the Korean government is not as good as it was under the Japanese governor general and some 200 men in the Assembly can be bought either by Soviet or Japan with any sums of money. ■e have all the evidence of Red money and Japanese money coming into Korea for such purpose. We want to see the foundation of this Republic laid on a firmer ground than it is now.