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보/고/서

ATIS INTERROGATION REPORT NO 2755　26 December 1950

FIELD REPORT (ADVATIS - SPECIAL REPORT 0281)　14 December 1950

PW was very cooperative and gave all information in a willing manner. His intelligence was above average and he was well-educated. He was very observant and his memory was good. Reliability, good.

Apr 38: PW’s family moved to MANCHURIA, CHILIN-SHENG, YUNGCHI-HSIEN, CHIANGMIFENG-TUN. Finished his elementary schooling here and attended a normal school in CHILIN (吉林).

14 Jan 46: Entered KOREA Revolution Military School (朝鮮革命軍政學校) at HUADEN. Studied military tactics at the school for about 5 months.

Jul 46: The school moved to LOTZUKOU (羅子溝), and changed its name to Northeastern Military College CHILIN Branch (東北軍政大學吉林分枝). Graduated from the school 5 Sep 46.

Sep 46: Assigned to Chilin Government Procurement Unit (吉林省政府徵糧工作隊). The chief mission of the unit was to gather rice, wheat, and soybeans from WUCHANG-HSIEN, YUSHU-HSIEN (五常縣 楡樹縣) and SHULAN-HSIEN (舒蘭縣) Area and transport them to North KOREA. This work continued until the latter part of Dec 46.

26 Dec 46: Transferred to North Chilin Military District Political Section Planning Dept (吉林 軍分區 政治部 組織科). His main assignment was inter-office liaison. Since he was the only Korean in the organization, he acted as an interpreter for the organization.

3 Jan 47: Wounded at SHIHTUN (石屯) near the SUNGARI River (松花江). Sent to PEIAN (北安) for hospitalization.

May 47: After being released from the hospital, returned to his unit which had changed its designation from North Chilin Military District (吉林軍分區) to Independent 3rd Div (獨立三師) and was stationed at TIENKANG (天崗).

Aug 47: Moved to CHIAOHO (蛟河), 30 km E of TIENKANG (天崗) and the unit was redesignated the Tenth Attached Unit, 29th Div, 85th Regt (第十從隊 二十九師 八五團). He was assigned to the Political Section, Statistical Dept.

Nov 47: Moved to the vicinity of CHILIN (吉林) to fight the Chinese Nationalist Army.

7 Nov 47: Wounded and sent to YENCHI Army Hospital.

Mar 48: Discharged from the hospital and returned to his unit which was then, stationed at KAIYUAN (開原). He was assigned to the Political Section. In May, he was transferred to Div Hq, Artillery Bn, Political Section.

Sep 48: Moved to HEISHAN (黑山) and engaged in mop-up operations in the area.

Oct 48: Arrived TANGKU (唐沽), and from here, moved to YUTIEN (玉田) with about 500 casualties. He was in charge of these casualties and stayed until Jan 49.

5 Jan 49: Moved to KUAN-HSIEN (固安縣) and rejoined his unit. He was assigned to a training unit and received instruction in psychological warfare until Apr 49.

Jun 49: Moved to HSINYANG (信陽) via SHIHCHIACHUANG, CHANGTE, CHENGCHOW (石家莊 彰德鄭).

Sep 49: Arrived HSIANGYANG (■陽) and left here for HSUANCHANG (豊昌) which was occupied by the Chinese Nationalist Army. Captured the city in Aug 49.

Aug 49: Contracted malaria and sent to IYANG (益陽) approximately 50 km W of CHANGSHA (長沙) for hospitalization.

Dec 49: After recovering his health, he went to TZUCHIANG (■江).

Mar 50: With all other Koreans in his unit, ordered to move to CHENGCHOW (鄭州). They marched to CHANGSHA (長沙); and from CHANGSHA (長沙) to CHENGCHOW (鄭州), they were transported by RR.

8 Apr 50: Arrived CHENGCHOW (鄭州). All the Koreans who had been fighting with CCF, except those who had participated in HAINAN operation, (special technicians such as air corps personnel, artillery gunners, members of tank units and RR Transp Corps) were assembled. The total number assembled was estimated to be 20,000. Those from the 47th Army were organized into the Independent 7th Regt (獨立七團) which later was redesignated the 18th Regt of the 4th Div in KOREA. Its strength was 4,700. After the activation of the unit, they were transported by RR to WONSAN (元山) via HSUCHI (徐州), CHINAN (淸南), TIENCHING (天津), SHANHAIKUAN (山海關), ANTUNG (安東), and SINUIJU (新義州). They crossed the YALU River on 20 Apr and arrived WONSAN, 22 Apr.

26 Apr 50: Moved to NANAM (羅南).

10 Jun 50: Commissioned a Capt in the NKA.

11 Jun 50: Transferred to P’YONGYANG (平壤) to receive special training in psychological warfare. While he was receiving training, the war broke out and he was assigned to the Security Section (保衛省) of the Political Section for propaganda work.

10 Jul 50: After SEOUL had been taken by NKA, he was sent to SEOUL and assigned to General HQ (最高司令部) as a liaison officer. His duty was to transmit all the documents issued by General HQ (最高司令部) to 1st Corps and 2nd Corps HQs (第一軍團 第二軍團) and collect all the battle progress reports from the 1st and 2nd Corps HQs (第一軍團 第二軍團)and submit them to General HQ (最高司令部).

24 Jul 50: Returned to the 5th Div Hq which was in YONGHAE (寧海). Assigned to Enemy’s Collapse Operations Dept (敲軍凡解工作部) as a director. His duty was to demoralize enemy troops by using propaganda leaflets and pamphlets.

Aug 50: Advanced to P’OHANG (浦項). The unit engaged ROK troops at P’OHANG (浦項), for about a month.

25 Sep 50: Started to retreat from P’OHANG (浦項), and on 3 Oct, he was captured at YANGYANG (襄陽) by the ROK troops.

A Field Army was composed of 12 armies or less. Unit designation numbers of armies ran consecutively from 1st Field Army through 4th, i.e. the 1st Army to 12th Army were under 1st Field Army and 13th to 25th were under 2nd Field Army, etc. Total strength of a Field Army was 1,000,000 or over.

The 1st Field Army was under the command of PENG, Te Huai (彭德承). HO, Lung (賀龍) was the deputy commander. This army was formerly known as the Northwestern People’s Liberation Army (西北人民解放軍) and operated in SHANHSI-SHENG (山西省) and SHENHSI-SHENG (陝西) Areas. In Mar 50 when PW was in HUNAN-SHENG (湖南省), he heard that the 1st Field Army was moving west to invade TIBET (西藏). The personnel in this army were specially trained for combat in mountainous regions. (1st - 12 Armies)

The 2nd Field Army was commanded by LIU, Po Cheng (劉伯承) and was operated in the HONAN-SHENG (河南省) Area. It was formerly known as the CHUNGYUAN People’s Liberation Army (中原人民解放軍). In Mar 50, the Army Headquarters was located in CHUNGKING (重慶). This army employed lighter weapons, and it was famous for its infiltration tactics. The chief mission of the army was the security of Central CHINA. (13th - 24th Armies)

The 3rd Field Army, former HWATUNG People’s Liberation Army (華東人民解放軍) was commanded by CHEN, Yi (陣■), who was a leading member of the New 4th Army (新四軍). The army headquarters was located in SHANGHAI (上海) and the army occupied the SHANGHAI (上海) - HANGCHUN (杭州) Area. The mission of the army was the invasion of FORMOSA. Preparations for this mission were begun in Aug 49. This army specialized in landing operations and the personnel were well trained in amphibious operations. (25th - 36th Armies)

The 4th Field Army, combination of the former HUAPEI People’s Liberation Army (華北人民解放軍) and the Northeastern People’s Liberation Army (東北人民解放軍), was under the command of LIN, Piao (林彪). This army was composed of 12 armies - 38th Army to 49th Army inclusive. This army was famous for the quality and quantity of its weapons. The firepower utilized by this unit was far superior to that of any other unit in the CCF. This was due to these weapons being of US make. PW stated that these arms were originally used by the CHIANG Kei Shek (蔣介石) Army and had been captured by the 4th Field Army Units. The combat tactics employed by this army were relatively new and more effective than those of other armies. In 1949, this army operated in South CHINA, but in Mar 50, 38th Army and 40th Army moved to MANCHURIA. Many other armies are in MANCHURIA by now because they were preparing to move. PW heard from his friend, who came back from MANCHURIA in Jul 50, that most of the elements of the 4th Field Army are in MANCHURIA and many armies were stationed near the Korean Manchurian border. (38th - 49th Armies) (No indication to existence or subordinate of 37th Army)

A special army group (特殊兵團) and a number of independent divisions (獨立師團) are attached to each field army, in addition to the 12 infantry armies.

The special army group was composed of a mechanized unit (tank div), artillery div including AAA unit, cavalry unit, engineer unit, signal corps unit, chemical warfare unit, and other technical units. The strength of the special army group was usually that of an infantry army.

The independent divisions were commonly called Local Army (地方軍) and were distinguished from Regular Army units (正規軍). The strength of the independent division was usually about the same as that of a regular infantry division. The personnel were largely local conscripts of former members of the CHIANG Kai Shek (蔣介石) Army. The usual mission of the Independent division was the security of an area which was occupied by a regular army unit. The T/O & E of an independent division was usually irregular, and its administrative chain of command was changed in accordance with the development of local combat operations and security requirements.

An Army Group was organized in Feb 50 for administrative purposes. In combat operation, each army usually received orders directly from field army headquarters and operated independently.

The Army Group (兵團) was organized with 3 armies (軍). In Feb 50, the 12th Army Group composed of the 47th Army, 48th Army and the 49th Army was in HSIANGNAN-SHENG-HUNAN-SHENG (湘南省 - 湖南省). PW did not have any knowledge concerning the administration and function of the Army Group.

1. ARMY HEADQUARTERS (軍部)

Army CG (軍長), Ass’t CG (副軍長), Chief of Staff (參謀長) and Command Section (司令部)

Operation and Training Section (作戰敎育課)

Responsible to the Army Commander, and in accordance with the directives given by him, it formulated various operational plans and training programs for the various units. When the commander decided to attack a certain point, the dept formulated combat plans including data on manpower, supply, transportation, communication, firepower, etc. This unit also submitted battle progress reports.

Reconnaissance Section (偵察課)

Compiled a detailed reconnaissance report based upon information gathered by the army reconnaissance unit (軍偵察隊). The report had to include topographical features of proposed combat zones, communication and transportation facilities, and enemy troop dispositions.

Communication Section (通信課)

Responsible for the establishment of a communication net, necessary for army operations, by utilizing the Army Communication Bn (軍通信營). This dept also formulated and revised secret codes which were used within the Army.

Administration Section (管理課)

Responsible for the administration of army headquarters personnel to include such items as billeting, supply, etc.

Personnel Section (隊列課)

Controlled the T/O&E of the units under the army; and the assignment of officer personnel.

Wireless Telegraph Section (電台)

All the wireless communication which was necessary for army operations was controlled by this section. All messages were transmitted in code.

Special Service Section (招待所)

Arranged all receptions and entertainment for officer personnel who visited army headquarters.

Military Security Section (機密室)

Classified all documents. The dept chief was the custodian of all seals and stamps used for official classification of documents.

2. POLITICAL DEPARTMENT (政治部):

Planning Section (組織部)

Responsible for the training and assignment of officers and party members in the various units and for compilation of accurate statistics on their movements. This dept also provided party members with special funds whichever necessary for official activities.

Military Justice Section (保衛部)

Acted as a counter-intelligence section as well as a provost section. It planned, and was responsible for, all counter espionage activity. A court was established within the department to try those who had broken either military or civil laws.

Propaganda Section (宣敎部)

Provided all leaflets and pamphlets for the propaganda program of the army. Collection of necessary information and distribution of propaganda material was accomplished by the Army Propaganda Unit (軍宣傳隊).

Peoples Operation Section

Responsible for investigation of living conditions, economic set-up, political trends of localities and to make pre-arrangements with local authorities for the Army’s billeting and mess facilities.

Indoctrination Section (連洛部)

Formulated the overall psychological warfare plan and plans for the organization of special spy ring, selection, and dispatching of agents, etc.

Political Affairs Section (軍直屬工作部)

Responsible for political administration and psychological education of the army.

General Affairs Section (總務部)

In charge of personnel administration, billeting, food, pay and general welfare of the troops in the Political Department.

Peoples Operations Unit

In accordance with the plan formulated by the peoples Operation Dept, this unit arranged the billeting facilities and provided food and provisions for the troops.

Postal Section (郵政局)

In charge of the postal administration of the army.

Printing Section (油印股)

Produced all documents and publications necessary for army operations, such as orders, propaganda leaflets and pamphlets, and trained manuals etc.

Secretarial Section (秘書室)

Responsible for transmission, filing and recording of all classified documents and publications.

3. MEDICAL SECTION (衛生部):

Medical Administration Section (醫政科)

In charge of personnel administration, billeting, food and provisions, pay, and general welfare of the medical personnel.

Sanitation Section (保健科)

Responsible for sanitation of the army, and the prevention of epidemics.

Supply Section (材料科)

Purchased and allocated medical supplies such as drugs, chemicals, instruments, etc.

External Medicine Section (外科)

Responsible for the treatment of external injuries and wounds.

Internal Medicine Section (內科)

The treatment of internal diseases came under its responsibility.

Surgical Section (手術室)

All surgery was the responsibility of this section.

Recuperation Center (休養所)

This center was equipped with sufficient facilities to take care of 100 to 200 persons at a time.

Field Hospital (野戰病院)

This Hospital was under the direct control of the army headquarters and was composed of the following organizations.

1. Nurse and Medical Attendants School (■士學校)

2. Three Recuperation Centers

3. Casual Bn (爪遺大隊). Before reassignment, the patients were attached to this unit.

4. SUPPLY AND REAR SERVICE DIVISION (後勤供給部)

A. Supply Division:

This Div was further divided into:

a. Finance Section (財政科)

b. Procurement Section (糧㧣科)

c. Weapons and Ammunition Section (軍■科)

d. Ordnance Section (軍■科)

e. Clothing Section (被服科)

f. Accounting Section (會計科)

g. General Administration Section (管理科)

B. Rear Service Division:

This division was composed of the Staff Section and Political Section. The following units were under the two units:

Motor Bn (汽車營)

Usually operated about 75, 2 1/2 ton trucks and was engaged in transporting army cargo.

Transportation Bn (運輸營)

Usually operated approximately 70 horsedrawn carts and engaged in transporting army cargo in areas where the motor Bn could not operate effectively.

Production Unit

This unit was in charge of:

(1) Commerce and trading (貿易生産)

(2) Business associations (合作社)

(3) Agricultural production (農業生産)

(4) Stock Farming (畜産業)

Industrial Unit (工場)

a. Military Equipment plant (軍需品)

b. Clothing factories (被服)

c. Shoe manufacturing plants (鞋子)

Repair Dept (修械所)

Responsible for repair and maintenance of heavy military equipment and factories.

Rear Guard Unit:

Security Co (警衛連)

Responsible for security of rear area.

Dependent Unit:

Responsible for billeting facilities, food and provisions, and general welfare of officer dependents in rear areas.

5. ARMY HEADQUARTERS UNITS:

Army Arty Regt (軍砲兵團)

a. Howitzer Bn (榴彈砲營)

b. Field Arty Bn (野砲兵營)

c. Mountain Arty Unit (山砲隊)

d. AAA Unit (高■砲隊)

Army Engineer Regt (軍工兵團)

Army Signal Bn (軍通信營)

Army Reconnaissance Unit (軍偵察隊)

Army Security Bn (軍警衛營)

Army Staff Training School (軍敎導團)

Administration and tactical training of staff officers in the Army.

Medical Unit (担架隊)

Responsible for the collection and evacuation of casualties.

Army Propaganda Unit (軍宣傳隊)

POW Reeducation Regt (軍解放團)

Army Motor Bn (軍汽車營)

This unit was usually assigned to the Supply and Rear Service Division (後勤供給部)

6. THREE INFANTRY DIVISIONS (三步兵師)

ONE INDEPENDENT DIVISION (獨立師)

This division was usually inferior to the regular infantry division in respect to strength, firepower and maneuverability, and was usually assigned security duty.

1. DIVISION HEADQUARTERS (師部)

Division CG (師長)

Asst Div CG (副師長)

Political Officer (政治委員)

Assistant Political Officer (副政治委員)

Command Staff (司令部 或은 參謀處)

This section was composed of:

Operation and Training Section (作戰敎育課)

(1) Section chief and assistant (課長及副課長)

(2) Planning Officer (作戰參謀)

(3) Artillery Officer (砲兵參謀)

(4) Topographical reproduction specialist (測給部)

(5) Clerk (書記)

Reconnaissance Department (偵察科)

(1) Section head and assistant (科長及副科長)

(2) Reconnaissance officer (偵察參謀)

(3) Reconnaissance Co (偵察隊一連)

(4) Guerrilla Unit (10 men) (便衣隊(十人))

(5) Clerk (書記)

Communication Section (通信科)

(1) Section head and assistant (科長及副科長)

(2) Communication officer (2 men) (通信參謀 二人)

(3) Communication Co (120 - 130 men) (通信連 (120 - 130人))

(4) Wireless Section (15 men) (電台無線 (15-16人))

(5) Clerk (書記)

Administration Section (管理科)

(1) Sect head and assistant (科長及副科長)

(2) Political Committee (2 men) (政治協理員 (二人))

(3) Administrators (3 men) (管理員 (三人))

(4) Entertainment Center (7 men) (招待所 (七人))

(5) Medical Center (20 men) (衛生所 (三0人))

(6) Hq Mess Sqd (15 - 16 men) (本部炊事班 (15-16人))

Personnel Section (隊列科)

(1) Dept head and assistant (科長及副科長)

(2) Personnel Staff (2 men) (隊列參謀 (二人))

(3) Clerk (書記)

2. POLITICAL SECTION (政治部)

a. Chief and assistant chief (主任及副主任)

b. Planning Dept (組織科)

c. Propaganda Dept (宣敎科)

d. Military Justice Dept (保衛科)

e. Indoctrination Dept (連洛科 (敵工科))

f. General Affairs Dept (總務科)

g. Political Affairs Dept (商工科)

h. Peoples Operation Dept (民運科)

3. MEDICAL SECTION (衛生科)

a. Chief and assistant chief (主任及副主任)

b. Medical Operations Dept (医政科)

c. Sanitation Dept (保健科)

d. Supply Dept (材料科)

e. Internal Medicine Dept (內科)

f. External Medicine Dept (外科)

4. SUPPLY SECTION (供給部)

a. Chief and Political Officer (部長及政委)

b. Finance Section (財政科)

c. Procurement Section (糧㧣科)

d. Clothing Section (被服科)

e. Ordnance Section (軍械科)

f. Weapons and Ammunition Section (軍突科)

g. Administrative Section (管理科)

5. DIVISIONAL UNITS (師直屬部隊):

a. Artillery Bn (砲兵營)

b. Security Bn (警衛營)

c. Transportation Bn (運輸營)

d. Training Bn (OCS) (敎導營→士官學校)

e. Signal Co (通信連)

f. Reconnaissance Plat (偵察隊→情報)

g. Engineer Co (工兵連)

h. Medical Bn (担架營)

i. Propaganda Unit (宣傳隊)

j. POW Reeducation Regt (解放團)

6. THREE INFANTRY REGTS (步兵團三)

1. REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS (團部)

Regimental Commander (團長)

Asst Regt’l Commander (部團長)

Political Staff Officer (政治委員)

Assistant Political Officer (副政治委員)

Chief of Staff (參謀長)

a. Staff (參謀處)

(1) Operation and Training Section (作敎服)

(2) Reconnaissance Section (intelligence) (偵察服)

(3) Communication Section (通信服)

(4) Administration Section (管理服)

(5) Personnel Section (隊列服)

(6) Clerk (書記)

b. Political Section (政治處)

(1) Planning Section (組織服)

(2) Propaganda Section (宣敎服)

(3) Military Justice Section (保護服)

(4) Peoples Operation Sect (民運服)

(5) Technical Clerk (手術書記)

c. Supply Section (洪給處)

(1) Finance Section (財政服)

(2) Procurement Section (糧㧣服)

(3) Weapons and Ammunition Section (軍實服)

(4) Ordnance Section (軍械服)

(5) Administration Section (管理服)

(6) Transportation Unit (horse drawn carts) (大車隊)

d. Medical Section (衛生隊)

(1) Casual Unit (patients) (休養連→患者)

(2) Administrative Dept (管理員)

(3) Political Director (政治指導員)

2. REGIMENTAL HQS UNITS:

Security Co (警衛連)

Mortar Co (迫擊砲連)

Anti-tank Co (戰防砲連)

Reconnaissance and Communication Co (貨通連)

(1) Reconnaissance Plat

(2) Communication Plat

(3) Engineer Plat

NCO Training Unit (幹訓隊→下士官養成)

3. THREE INFANTRY BATTALIONS

1. BATTALION HEADQUARTERS (營部):

Battalion Commander (營長)

Deputy Bn Commander (副營長)

Political Leader (政治敎導部)

Assistant Political Leader (副政治敎導部)

Command Section: (Bn Hq Units)

a. Administration Dept (管理處)

b. Supply Dept (洪給員)

c. Medical Dept (衛生所)

d. Communication Sqd (通信班)

e. Reconnaissance Sqd (偵察班)

f. Security Sqd (警衛班)

g. Stable Sqd (■■班)

h. Secretary (書記)

2. THREE INFANTRY COMPANIES (步兵連三個)

One Heavy Weapons Company (機砲連)

a. Two HMG Plats (重机排二個)

b. Two Mortar Plats (60 mm) (迫擊排二個)

1. COMPANY HEADQUARTERS (連部)

Company Commander (連長)

Assistant Co Commander (部連長)

Political Leader (政治指導員)

Assistant Political Leader (副政治指導員)

Administration Section:

Information and Education officer (文化幹事)

Responsible for proper dissemination of general information to troops.

Secretary (書記)

Message Center (4 men) (通信員 四人)

Medical Section (2 men) (衛生員 二人)

Medical Section (2 men) (衛生員 二人)

Mess Sqd (12 men) (扻食班 十二人)

Chief Clerk (上士)

Chief Administrator (管理排長)

Weapons Sqd (15 men) (小砲班 十五人)

2. THREE INFANTRY PLATOONS

Platoon

Each platoon consisted of:

3 Squads (三排)

(1) Sqd Ldr (班長)

(2) Ass’t Ldr (副班長)　2 Auto-rifles

(3) 10 men　10 M-1 rifles

LMG Squad:

12 men - 3 LMG’s (機槍班):

In tactical operation a squad is further divided into 3 groups of 4 men each. The first group is led by the Sqd Ldr, 2nd by the Ass’t Sqd Ldr and 3rd By the man with the best tactical ability.

Authorized Company Strength:

9 officers - 1 WO

180 - 210 men

Actual Strength Usually:

9 officers - 1 WO

160 - 170 men

Prior to Oct 48, the Chinese Communist Force was composed of the following area armies:

North-Eastern CHINA Liberation Army (東北人民解放軍)

Northern CHINA Liberation Army (華北人民解放軍)

Eastern CHINA Liberation Army (華東人民解放軍)

Central CHINA Liberation Army (中原人民解放軍)

North-Western CHINA Liberation Army (西北人民解放軍)

Each one of these armies had its own area of operation and it operated independently within its area. These areas of operation were called Military Districts (軍區).

North-Eastern CHINA Military District (東北軍區)

Northern CHINA Military District (華北軍區)

Eastern CHINA Military District (華東軍區)

Central CHINA Military District (中原軍區)

North-Western CHINA Military District (西北軍區)

In Oct 48, these armies were combined and called the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (中國人民解放軍) . Under this centralized command, the former district or area armies were organized into field armies (野戰軍) and redesignated as follows: 야

After this reorganization of the CCF, the former military districts retained their designations. These districts, however, were then under the control of local governments instead of the army. These local governments were responsible for the establishment of a district army, in accordance with directives issued by the Central Government.

The district armies were now part of the regular CCF and were usually designated as independent regiments or divisions. The district armies are composed mainly of farmers. Their firepower and cultural standards are usually below the regular armies. The district armies are employed as rear area or security units rather than in tactical operations. At times, however, on the request of the regular army commander, a unit of the district armies is assigned as a replacement in the CCF and become an integral part of the regular army.

The Political Section has a very important role in the CCF. This section is not only responsible for the psychological training of the troops and propaganda programs of the unit but also its functions include intelligence work, C.I.C. and establishment of a military court. In the rear area, the responsibility and the function of the political section is considered the most important part of the entire military operation. Even in the combat area, the political committee (政治委員會) retains the authority for final approval of proposed military operations.

The Political Committee is composed of high ranking Communist party members, and their authority is almost unlimited.

The psychological training of the troops is conducted daily in each army unit by the Political Director (政治指導員). A special training program is effected after each campaign or field operation.

When a crime is committed by a member of the CCF, political or otherwise he is brought to the court, which is established by the political section, for trial.

The intelligence and C.I.C. work are important functions of the political Section. The collection, by a spy system, evaluation, and proper dissemination of intelligence was the responsibility of the section. The section also formulated counter intelligence measures.

The propaganda work within the CCF and against the Civil populace, as well as against the enemy, comprises the most important role of the political section. A specialist is assigned to each unit to conduct the psychological warfare in accordance with plans as laid down by the political section.

Troop education, except tactical training, is also a very important mission of the political section. The higher authorities in the CCF consider the psychological training of the troops even more important than tactical training. Consequently, great emphasis is placed on the training program. The political section plans all troop educational programs, political, cultural, and psychological. Another important phase of the education program is reeducation and indoctrination of PW’s. The PW’s are reeducated and inducted into the CCF as Liberated Soldiers (　　). A large number of CCF Units are composed of liberated soldiers, up to 40% of their total strength.

Communist Party heads and party members in the armed forces are responsible for:

General function of the Communist Party.

Authority and mission of the Communist Party

Establishment of Communist Party organizations

Regulations governing the Communist Party

Political functions:

Investigation of general sentiment among military personnel

Preparation for general mobilization

Inspection and improvement of the operations units

Establishment of policy concerning:

Personal conduct

Treatment of PW’s

Newly occupied areas

Personal conduct in zone of operations

Relationship between EM and officers

Relationship between civil and military personnel

General living conditions

Cultural and recreation programs

Commendations and decorations

Establishment of military courts

Dependents of military personnel

Relationship between Civil and Military Governments.

4th Field Army:

In Jun 47, at SSUPING (四平) the 38th Army (former 1st Army 第一從隊)-changed from offensive to defensive operations. With the arrival of reinforcements, CHIANG KAI SHEK’s Army defeated the 38th Army which retreated to the CHANGCHUN (長春) Area. After that the 38th Army remained in the rear and did not participate in any campaigns until Aug 48.

Three offensives in the SUNGARI River (松花江) Area and SHANHSIANCHIANGNAN (三下江南). After retreating to the area north of the SUNGARI River (松花江), the CCF was reorganized and the strength was greatly increased by local draftees and volunteers. Thus, the CCF established a strong base in the area. Meanwhile, the Nationalist Army advanced to MUKDEN (奉天), SSUPING (四平), ANTUNG (安東), CHANGCHUN (長春) and CHILIN (吉林). Consequently, the Nationalist force had to post security units in these occupied areas. Thus, its defensive lines were considerably weakened. Taking advantage of the situation, the CCF made three successful offensives against the Nationalists south of the SUNGARI River (松花江) from Dec 46 to Mar 47.

Defensive operation at LINCHIANG (臨江):

In late 1947, LINCHIANG occupied by the CCF, was attacked by the Nationalists four times, but was successfully defended by the CCF.

Summer Offensive (夏季攻勢):

In the summer of 1947 (May - Aug) 1st, 4th and 3rd Independent Divisions of the CCF, attacked the Nationalist forces in CHIANGMIFENG (江密峰), ERHSHIHCHIATZU (二十永子), ITUNG (伊通) and SHAOKUO-CHIEH (燒鍋街).

Fall Offensive (秋季攻勢):

In Oct 47, the CCF in MANCHURIA was reorganized and redesignated the 1st Army to 12th Army (一從隊→十二從隊) (present designation - 38th to 49th Army). The majority of these units participated in the offensive against the Nationalists in the CHILIN Area until Dec 47.

Winter Offensive (冬季攻勢):

In Jan 48, the strength of the CCF grew steadily and finally equalled that of the Nationalist forces in MANCHURIA. The operation changed from a localized small campaign to a full scale field operation. The major campaigns conducted during the period Jan 48 to Apr 48 were as follows:

KUNGCHUTUN (公主屯 ■■戰)

TAKU (■■■擊戰)

SHANHSIALIAOHO (三下■河)

TUNGSHESHANTZU (宋蛇山子戰)

KAIYUAN (開原攻擊戰)

Last Phase of Manchurian Operation: (Jul - Oct 48)

Capture of CHANGCHUN (長春起擧)

CHINCHOU (錦州戰鬪)

LIAOHSI (遼西戰役)

SHENYANG (■■戰鬪)

Operation in Central CHINA

TANGSHAN-TANKU (唐山■■戰斗)

HSUANTANG RUNNING FIGHT (宣■道擊戰)

Mountain warfare in CHUNGKING (山地作戰→重慶)

Mop-up operations in HUNAN-SHENG (湖南省 討伐作戰)

2nd and 3rd Field Armies

HUAIHAI Campaign - HSUCHOU, HUAIHO Area (淮海戰役→徐州■河) Oct 1948

SIEGE of NANKING (南京攻■)

Mop-up operation of NANKING-SHANGHAI - HANGCHOU Area (南京上海 - 抗州囲■戰)

SIEGE of CHUNGKING (重慶)

Capture of SHANGHAI (上海)

PW’s unit, 47th Army, was at YUANLING (沅淩) in Mar 50:

4,700 Koreans from the 47th Army were assembled and sent to KOREA. This unit became the 18th Regt, 4th Div.

CCF Personnel are composed of the following groups:

Volunteers (自■兵) 10 - 20 %

Liberated Troops (解放戰士) (50 %)

Former PW’s who have been indoctrinated and become members of the CCF. This is the main source of manpower for the CCF and all CCF units are composed of 50 % or more of this type of personnel.

Conscripts (翻身農民) (30 - 40 %)

Although these persons are basically volunteers, actually they are conscripted under a mobilization order. Normally about 30 - 40 % of each CCF unit is composed of this group.

The pay of CCF personnel is usually based upon the price of a pound of pork.

Pvt - NCO　pork 1 1/2 lbs

Co Grade Officers　2 lbs

Field Grade　3 lbs|per month

General Officers　Unk

The price of a pound of pork was 25,000 yuan in Mar 50.

PW observed no Russian military advisors in CCF units lower than division or army headquarters level. He heard from his friend that there have been some Russian military advisors at army schools in MANCHURIA in the past year or two. Up until 1947, there were no Russian military advisors in any CCF school.

It is also rumored that in large cities in MANCHURIA, there are some Russians in RR stations engaged in RR operations, but details were unknown.

In the industrial field, there were quite a number of Russian technical advisors.

Russian Military Advisors in NKA:

In Apr 50 PW observed many Russian Military Advisors in North KOREA, in towns as well as in military establishments. They were greatly respected and well received by NKA personnel.

In the middle of May, PW had a chance to talk with a Russian, through an interpreter. The chief topic of discussion was his (PW’s) experience in the CCF. At the end of the talk, the Russian added that the food and clothing rations of the NKA was better than that of the CCF. PW once heard from the NK interpreter, 1st Lt HO, Yong Chol (許永哲) that Russian specialists are assigned to tactical, political, financial, logistical units and various branches of service as advisors.

About two weeks prior to the outbreak of the present war, PW received special training in propaganda work at the 2nd officers training school in P’YONGYANG (平壤). He saw a Russian advisor enter the mess hall and inspect the facilities. However, in Jun, just before the outbreak of the war, all the Russian advisors in KOREA were replaced by new personnel.

The Chinese inhabitants of MANCHURIA are called into the CCF either as volunteers or conscripts. The 4th Field Army was composed largely of Manchurians.

The equipment captured from the Nationalist Army was utilized by the 4th Field Army. The PWs were reeducated and recruited as Liberated Soldiers (解放戰士).

Training Process of Liberated Soldiers or Former PWs

Investigation:

When an enemy soldier is captured he is sent to the political section for investigation. Liaison and Security Depts investigate the PW’s educational background, former occupation, military service record, family background and his ideological trends and determine the necessary reeducation program for the individual concerned.

Training:

After the investigation, the PWs are grouped and given training which is prescribed by the Liaison and Security Dept. The training is mainly psychological and spiritual. First, PWs are lectured on the advantages of being a CCF soldier and the basic principles of communism. During the training period the PWs are given extra food and clothing and treated much better than regular CCF personnel. The final phase of the training is always concluded with the theme, “The complete expulsion of American capitalism and total destruction of Nationalist CHINA.” The training period usually lasts from one to two months.

Examination:

During the course of training, the reactions of the PWs are carefully checked by a special examination board established in the political section. After careful check of each and every one of the PWs, the board decides upon the final disposition of the PW.

Assignment:

After being cleared by the examination board, the PWs are assigned to various units as replacements. PWs, after assignment are usually treated as a guest for a week before they are assigned to military duty. When the PW is finally accepted as a member of the regular unit in CCF, he is issued a certificate and his family is entitled to special CCF military dependents privileges.

The daily food ration consists of rice 1 kg, 1 lb of cabbage, 20 g of oil, and 20 g of salt.

Clothing includes 1 set of winter uniforms and 2 sets of summer uniforms, and 1 set of underwear in every year.

PW stated that CCF was very popular with civil populace, especially, among liberated farmers; and he believed that CCF was more popular than Nationalist because, in most instance, his unit was well received by local populace at all the areas moved into or occupied.

For the Commanding Officer:

CHART OF CHINESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY As of March 1950

BREAKDOWN OF THE 47th ARMY As of 1 March 1950

ORGANIZATION OF INFANTRY DIVISION OF CCF As of 1 March 1950

CHART OF INF DIV STAFF SEC (as of 1 Mar 50)

ORGANIZATION CHART OF MAIN STRENGTH INFANTRY REGIMENT OBS: As of 1 March 1950

ORGANIZATION CHART OF AN INFANTRY BATTALION As of 1 March 1950

ORGANIZATION OF MAIN STRENGTH OF AN INFANTRY COMPANY As of 1 March, 1950

NORTH-EAST CHINA MILITARY DISTRICT Manchuria As of March, 1950

NOTE:

1. Commander of North-East China Military District (東北軍區 軍司令員) was LIN PIAO (林彪), Governor General of the North-East China People’s Government (東北人民政府主席).

c2. In August 1950, there were eight (8) Independent Divisions in North-East China Military District, including one (1) Mongolian Cavalry Division.

ORGANIZATION CHART OF A DIVISION POLITICAL SECTION