795.00/6-352: Telegram
The Chargé in Korea (Lightner) to the Department of State
secret
niact
Pusan, June 3, 1952-7 p.m.
1252. Rptd info CINCUNC, EUSAK Advance DIP 260 by other means. Deptels 900
註01 and 901,
註02 June 2. Substance rptd CINCUNC and EUSAK Advance as DIP 258.
- 註01
- Telegram 900, not printed, transmitted a note from Truman to Rhee; for text of the note, see p. 285.
I delivered Pres Truman’s message to Pres Rhee at 11 a.m. In next room I observed what appeared to be full Cabinet in meeting which I learned later had been called to rubberstamp Rhee’s order to dissolve Assembly. Have just been informed by Prime Minister that up to time my arrival Cabinet had been getting nowhere in remonstrating with Rhee; that Cabinet knew I had given Rhee paper which he had in his hand when he returned to Cabinet meeting but were not informed of contents; that after further discussion Rhee agreed not dissolve Assembly, at least for present.
Since definitely confirmed this morning that ultimatum already has been delivered to Assembly opposition and their negative reply conveyed to Rhee, I expanded supplementary statement to Rhee to include among “irrevocable acts” any arbitrary dissolution of the Natl Assembly.
Timely message from President Truman appears to have had most encouraging positive effect, but Rhee gave me no hint he intended back down in my talk with him as following account will reveal. Fact he did act shows mounting pressure can produce results and shld be continued.
After reading message Rhee commented he feared Pres Truman was ill-informed, that everything that was being done here was being done in perfectly legal way and that Pres Truman, State Dept and Ambassador Muccio shld have more confidence in him and in his reputation as up-holder, not destroyer, of democracy. He hoped Ambassador on his return wld not destroy affection Korean people hold for him by joining those who, having been taken in by bad elements in Korea, seemed to want to destroy Rhee and his govt. He referred to Gen Clark’s visit and the General’s concern over effects on military sitn and said he hoped he had convinced the General that nothing wld happen to affect the war effort. He said, however, that unless he took prompt action to set things straight, to restore orderly govt and to guarantee law and order, he did not know what wld happen since thousands of patriotic citizens from the provinces were already coming into Pusan to express the people’s will against the Assembly.
…
註03 that this development could reach very large proportions and disturbances wld be inevitable. He laughed and said some people claimed he had some influence over the people in the provinces and could, if he would, prevent mass demonstrations but this was quite contrary to facts. He stated he could not help it if Pres Truman and the State Dept and other foreign govts misunderstood him. We could be sure, however, that through his friends in the US the American people wld get the true story. He warned, however, that the US Govt shld keep out of this internal sitn; that it was not its business and it wld be deplorable if the friendly relations between the two countries shld be impaired. He said that already the people of Korea were becoming alarmed and indignant over the interfering actions of UNCURK and the Embassy. He said Embassy seemed to be siding with the Communist conspirators, preferring to believe them rather than Rhee himself. He made it clear that his course was a clear one, that he had explained it many times and that nothing wld deter him from doing what he believed to, be right and to be fully in accordance with the real spirit of democracy. He did not understand why we could not get this simple fact through our heads and why we appeared to be siding with the traitors. He then expounded again his thesis that the ring leaders in the Assembly were in the pay of the Communists, that they had already selected a new president and other principal members of a govt which when established wld immed seek to unify Korea by a deal with Commies in North Korea. They had succeeded in gaining a majority in Natl Assembly mainly thru bribery of assemblymen with Commie money. He could not tolerate this; he did not see why we shld tolerate it; he implored that the US trust him and give him a little more time in which he could put everything in order.
I replied that neither the Embassy nor the US Govt had any desire to take sides as between individuals and political groups in Korea; that we were, however, greatly concerned over the fact that his methods ignored the constitution of the country and the majority of the people’s elected representatives in the legislature.
It was a question of principle, since we could not ignore such developments behind the front lines in a country which was being defended by the collective action of many democratic countries in a cause that was fighting for the very principles of constitutional govt, human rights and freedoms. There were many dangers in the situation: The effect on the future support of Korea by the United Nations, including question of the maintenance of their forces here after armistice; possibility of events here influencing the Communists to launch a major offensive in Korea, and other aspects pointed out by Gen Clark yesterday. I said, however, that I thought that the question of principle referred to above, that is the inconsistency of our fighting the totalitarian Communist world for a democratic order and the prospect of being faced with the eclipse of such an order in Korea, was the point that troubled us most. If latter development shld take place democratic nations that have been supporting the ROK might have to reconsider their whole policy toward ROK. I said I could not understand his assertions that only legal methods were being pursued and asked him how his statement jibed with the introduction of martial law in Pusan, the conduct of martial law and the failure to lift martial law. I also asked whether there was anything in the constitution which permitted him to dissolve the Natl Assembly.
He only replied to the second statement saying that there was nothing in the constitution which prohibited him from dissolving the Assembly and that any such action was further legalized by the fact that the people of the country demanded it. He made the same offer to me that he had previously made to UNCURK that he wld be glad to have Emb reps go out to the provinces to ask anyone they wanted to whether they supported him or the Assembly. (He made clear once again that his whole case rests on the allegation that the will of the people as expressed in petitions, resolutions of the newly elected provincial councils, and public demonstrations justified any action required to get rid of his opposition in the Assembly. In short, such action being based on the people’s will is fundamentally democratic, while any narrow judgment that the Assembly still is a representative body with the right to assert its prerogatives under the Constitution overlooks the very essence of democracy.)
I mentioned the fact that we were familiar in the US with the process of petitions and telegrams by interested groups and individuals to our Congressmen and Senators, and that we had also frequently had occasions when the majority in the Congress were opposed to the White House; yet we had lived through such periods without having the executive blot out the Congress. We did not rely on these expressions of opinion or on Gallup polls as such conclusive expressions of the peoples’ will as to disavow the Congress and while we realized the representative system might not be a perfect indication of the desires of the people at all times everywhere, it was still the keystone of the democratic process. Therefore, it wld be most difficult for Americans or other peoples living under democratic systems to understand Rhee’s reasoning.
I went on that no evidence had been presented to prove there was a major Commie conspiracy involving scores of men whose known records were as anti-Communist as his own, that I realized Assemblymen had probably been bought but that this applied to both sides and that Commie money was no doubt coming into Korea as the Commies could be expected to try to disrupt the govt but this did not prove all recipients were aware of the source and otherwise in league with Commies.
Rhee replied I was grossly misinformed and all wld be revealed soon to prove he was right. In meantime I shld stop listening to his enemies. Interview ended on his remark that he hoped Amb Muccio wld understand his position and that US Govt wld let things alone here.
Lightner