795B.00/2-1452
The Ambassador in Korea (Muccio) to the Department of State
secret
No. 237
Pusan, February 14, 1952.
Subject: Transmitting Memorandum of conversation between President Rhee and myself on ROK politics.
Having been concerned for some time with President Rhee’s political maneuverings, some of his recent appointments, and moves to strengthen the irresponsible Youth Corps and other groups which potentially might be used as “goon squads”, I called on the President on February 12 to let him know that I knew a good deal about these activities, for which he and he alone is responsible.
As I have found that on such occasions it is more effective to state my case and to refrain from argument or discussion until perhaps a later date, I adopted this tactic on this occasion. I gained the impression that the President, who had got up from a sick bed to talk with me, was somewhat shaken by what I had to say. He had very little comment to make and I expect he will do a good deal of thinking and speculating on the significance of my remarks. Regardless of any effect this may have on his actions, I believe it will do some good just to tip him off that we are closely following some of his more devious activities.
John J. Muccio
[Enclosure]
Memorandum of Conversation, by the Ambassador in Korea (Muccio)
secret
[Pusan, February 12, 1952.]
I decided that it was time for me to make President Rhee aware of the fact that we knew of some of his more nefarious maneuvers.
I called by appointment to deliver the note in connection with the ROK proclamation of sovereignty over the high seas.
註01 I then mentioned to President Rhee that I was finding it increasingly difficult to explain to my government certain manifestations here and that I hoped he would be well enough in the next few days so that I could sit down and discuss with him this matter that is disturbing me a great deal. He immediately urged that I tell him what the problem was. I hesitated since he is very low from a persistent cold.
At his insistence, I mentioned that there was the UN Commission, several other US Governmental agencies and many intelligence agencies reporting on developments on the peninsula and that Korea was in fact living in a “goldfish bowl” due to the large number of press representatives and intelligence sources from all over the world. I mentioned that CIC and ROK CIC and other intelligence units were so interwoven, we could hardly expect either side to be able to carry on any activities without the other knowing about it.
The President quickly inquired for specific cases. I mentioned that in his address to the people of Seoul on January 28, he had made certain derogatory remarks regarding General Walker
註02 which had shocked Washington and jarred all the military on the isthmus. For the President to publicly challenge General Walker’s gallant and courageous contribution was simply incomprehensible. President Rhee merely said that he had been speaking spontaneously and might have made such remarks, he could not recall, and muttered that the many enemies of the government had undoubtedly given me the wrong interpretation. This at least has made President Rhee aware that we are keeping tabs on his speeches. I have for some time been concerned by General Van Fleet, General Ridgway or I being on public platforms with him when he harangues “no ceasefire” and “on to the Yalu”.
- 註02
- Lt. Gen. Walton H. Walker was appointed by General MacArthur to take charge of the Eighth Army and other UN ground forces in Korea in July 1950. Later that month President Rhee placed ROK units under Walker. In December 1950, Walker was killed in an accident and Ridgway became Commander of the Eighth Army.
I then said that the Embassy and UNCURK had reported as favorably as possible on the NDC and Kochang scandals.
註03 Reports reaching Washington from other sources cited the parts played therein by officers close to the President. This raised the whole question of the caliber of the men selected by him. I cited that General Kim Yun-kun, leader of the Youth Corps and in charge of coralling manpower at the time of the retreat last December and January and who was executed later was a man who had been appointed by, received orders direct from and reported directly to the President. On the Kochang incident, our controlled sources had reported that it was “Tiger” Kim Chongwon who kept the investigating committee from getting into Kochang by having some of his men fire on them as they approached, for which he is now serving a three year term. Here again was a man appointed by, reporting to and receiving instructions directly from the President.
I then went on to mention that I had been queried by my superiors as to the appointment to the important post of Home Minister of a man as notorious as “Montana” Chang Sok-yun, a man who had been publicly tried for misuse of appropriated funds and had been a leader in the notorious Political Action plot.
註04
I then referred to the efforts to make the recent campaigns to arouse anti-ceasefire clamor and public emotions appear “spontaneous”. However, controlled American sources had reported on the official orders issued to both the police and Youth Corps last June and the specific order issued through the cabinet on November 29. This touched the President off. He said, “Mr. Ambassador, you may tell the Department of State that I will never accept a ceasefire”, and went on that I should tell President Truman that he is mistaken in trying to negotiate with the Communists. I pointed out that the Youth Corps in particular were under his direct order and when one of the “Armband” boys comes into my grounds and orders my chauffeur to attend a “spontaneous” rally or when all the newspapers appear on one day as they did on January 10 with almost identical editorials based on two absolutely erroneous premises, it is hard to convince the people of the world that this has not been directed by the ROK authorities. When President Rhee excitedly replied that Clarence Rhee might have done so but that he didn’t know of it, I mentioned that I knew Clarence Rhee very well and knew that he never made a move without direction.
I finally said that these things had been mulling over in my mind for some time and that I had now received a query as to whether the reports received were true that the police and Youth Corps had been used in at least three of the National Assembly by-elections on the 5th of February. President Rhee thereupon went into a long involved dissertation on Korean politics repeating over and over that I knew him and that the two of us had talked matters over very frankly and openly in the past three years; that I had been misled and that these reports came from his enemies in the U.S., and that I should dismiss them as such.
I did not take exception or argue with him as I felt I would have more influence with him, in the long run, by just letting him know that I knew how he was acting. I ended by saying that I felt I was at the end of my rope in two vital matters: (1) in having to explain and justify some of the activities of Korean officials and (2) in my attempts to allay the widespread ROK distrust of US-UN motives. I pointed out that this distrust is not new and cited as an example his refusal to accept my assurances and General Walker’s assurances that we were not running out of Taegu and leaving the ROK to the mercies of the North Koreans last year. I also referred to the deadlock on the Aid Agreement. I was jarred at the attitude displayed during the long drawn out discussions. This attitude was more akin to Communists fighting Fascists, than what should prevail between allies who had fought side by side for twenty months. He thereupon went into a long discussion of the Aid Agreement which will be recorded elsewhere.
註05