June 2, 1952
Dear President and Mrs. Rhee:
The Korean news is getting a very big play in the newspapers, chiefly: (1) the Koje POW situation; and (2) the political situation. Both stories are apparently causing a negative reaction. Regarding the POW situation, the general editorial and apparently public reaction is that it shows our military command to be almost hopelessly incompetent also, SD is coming in for heavy criticism for bungling the propaganda opportunity offered by the Communist POW refusal of repatriation. The cumulative result of this criticism seems (from such samples as I can gather) to result in a feeling of utter helplessness. The “man in the street” seems inclined to may, “We bungle everything about the Korean affair so very badly that we seem wholly incompetent to handle it.” this, of course, does not inspire any burning determination to make sacrifices to pull a victory out of the present stale-mate. Instead, not wanting to surrender and not seeing any chance for victory, the public seems more than ever inclined to do its best to ignore the whole situation.
The news of the political situation, coming on top of this general “■bad taste” is offering a very unfortunate opportunity for the man in the street to tell himself, “Apparently the Koreans don’t deserve our help anyway,” which inclines toward the conclusion that we shouldn’t note money for Korean rehabilitation, and even adds to the number who think we might as well pull out and make our definitive stand against communism elsewhere.
I think I understand the reasons for the martial law and crackdown on the Assembly. And I know well enough how misleading the reporting can be. Even so, I should report to you that the effects of the stories coming out of Pusan are generally quite bad. When ROK answers UNCURK by saying, “This is our internal affair and none of your business,” the reaction over hers is that if it is none of the UN’s business, why continue fighting there? In my judgment, more would be gained by going to considerable trouble to spell out in detail the reasons for the action. It would be wise, I believe, to tell UNCURK, “Of course we want to cooperate with you completely. It is difficult to lay all the facts before you, because of language problems and because outsiders simply can’t grasp all the facts of the political situation. But we invite your consideration and will do all we can to help you. Meanwhile, we must take the action we are taking for the following reasons: ......” Then, even those who may still disagree will at least approve of what they will sense as a “cooperative attitude.” It is most unfortunate that UNCURK has decided not to issue any judgment on whether the local elections were “fair.” Nothing could help ROK right now more than a widespread impression here that true democracy is being soundly developed there. However, the present developments are undermining what has been accomplished both here and there to establish this conviction. I feel unable at this distance, and in the absence of the facts you have at hand, to help you in any very constructive fashion. Nevertheless, I am enclosing a sample statement of the kind I think it would be helpful for you to release - if you think best. A different statement, itemizing such facts as you think it best to reveal, would be even better. I’m sorry I can’t be there to help in phrasing the ROK position on this situation. Anyway, here’s a “long distance” attempt:
Proposed statement by President Rhee:
“The present political situation is an inevitable development from the policies pursued by my Administration, by the National Assembly, and by the United Nations -- as well as being an inevitable consequence of the terrible destruction and suffering caused by the war. Our friends who seek to understand our problems and to interpret our policies must keep the following facts in mind:
1. My Administration has sought to true and basic democracy. If we have erred in our program, it could only be that we have attempted to establish genuine democracy too rapidly - and this we cannot believe is wrong. We have given the vote to every adult, women as well as men, with no property or educational or other limitations. We have encouraged every qualified voter to go to the polls, and they have responded with a turn-out of 85% to 90% in every election. We have progressed to the point where all local offices (formerly appointive) have been made elective. We have permitted and indeed encouraged free discussion of political issues, despite the fact that concealed Communists have taken every unfair advantage of this freedom. We have accomplished a complete program of land reform, wiping out landlordism and providing for ownership by the families who cultivate the land. We have done everything we can to maintain and broaden educational opportunities, even in the midst of this war-time destruction. As a cumulative result of all these measures, our people now know that their Government is, of right ought to be, and in fact must be their own instrument for their own welfare.
2. The National Assembly inevitably contains some members who seek their own financial and political advantage at the expense of the people, and some others who are so weak as to yield to outside pressure from special interests. For many months I have sought to persuade the National Assembly to join me in my efforts to dig deep and plant firmly the roots of true democracy. I have urged that the National Assembly adopt a Constitutional amendment that will give the right of election of the President to the people themselves. This the National Assembly has blindly and stubbornly refused to do. Our people see no legitimate reason why they should not have an opportunity to exercise their own basic right to elect their own Chief Executive. They are especially disturbed by the evidence that the National Assembly is being directly influenced in this matter by various foreign sources. Our people are determined that the presidency should not be bartered or sold for purposes that are not only non-Korean but actually anti-Korean. I can do no less than support our people fimrly in this determination.
3. The United Nations did not intervene to try to secure a Constitutional amendment to grant to all the people the undoubted democratic right of direct election of the President. The United Nations has not acted effectively to restrain foreign influence upon election by the National Assembly. The United Nations has not moved ahead with effective programs for rehabilitation of our war ruins nor with methods that will control our mounting and dangerous inflation. Every effort we have made in these directions has been blocked by explanations that such action is beyond the scope of U. N. responsibility or must await the end of the war. Moreover, the United Nations has arrogated to itself the sole and complete right to determine the basis of a truce settlement with the Communist invaders, and has denied and over-ridden the peace policies of the Republic of Korea, even though it is our people and our nation that has had to pay the enormously high price of being the battlefield on which international Communist aggression is being stemmed. The United Nations can make its most effective contribution to the development of broader democracy in Korea if it will attend to the real problems which are blocking adequate democratic achievements.
4. Our people showed their devotion to the world-wide cause of freedom when we decided to stand against Communist imperialism, rather than surrendering to it, as have so many other peoples. Our nation has persisted in its determination even though we have suffered as has no other country in all world history. Our will to victory is still unshaken. We know that yet more sacrifices will be demanded if the Communist invaders are to be defeated. Yet we persist in demanding victory rather than appeasement. While our people are forced to stand in the midst of their ruins and while they see their international friends making every effort to arrive at a peace bought at the expense of surrender of Korean territory, Korean lives, and Korean welfare, who can wonder if there has developed inside our nation a determination that, at the very least, our own Government should be firmly arid completely based upon the fair and free egression of the will of the entire people? What I am seeking to achieve, and what I must through my solemn obligations as Head of State determine to achieve, is to secure this inalienable right of self-determination to our indomitable people.
Out of all the horrors of this war Korea seems to be gaining very little and has already lost far more than most of the peoples of the world can over realize. What we must have, at the bare minimum, is the right to choose our own President and run our own Government. As has always been true, we welcome United Nations observation of our elections to insure international satisfaction with the fairness with which they are conducted. We cannot, however, permit even our friends to set up a shield of untouchability behind which the national Assembly yields to influences that are Korean in neither origin nor intent.
end of statement
Maybe this statement in itself will not serve the needs of the situation. In any event, I do most warmly urge that some such statement be issued as soon as possible in order to recapture good will that is rapidly being lost.
With every good wish, I am,
Cordially yours,
Robert T. Oliver